P4, M2 AND D2

Theories behind aging P4

The Neuroendocrine Theory:

This theory says that as we get older our hypothalamus which is gland located in a particular area in the brain helps to control our hormones. Which have slowed down due to aging. The chemical reaction which occurs for the hormones to respond and produce slows down by losing its ability to process things and as for our hormones they don’t process quick enough making individual hormones become less sensitive to them.

One theory for the hormones loss of regulation is to be a dark- hormone responsible for stress. This has been known to be one of the few hormones that will increase with stress.

 Reproductive cell-cycle theory

This theory suggests that as we get older the cells in our body age with us. This theory argues that these cellular changes are being directed through the reproductive hormones known as hypothalamic-pituitary. Hormone levels begin to change in men around 30 and for women it’s even more abrupt when they hit the stage of menopause around the age of 50.

When the HPG axis becomes unbalanced, cellular growth and development becomes deregulated and cell death and dysfunction can occur at this time.

Discuss two major theories of aging in relation to the development of the individual (M2)

Disengagement for elderly people

An elderly person will go through a number of stages in which they will experience disengagement. This includes:

• Everyone expects death, and one's abilities will likely deteriorate over time. As a result, every person will lose ties to others in his or her society.
• Because individual interactions between people strengthen norms, an individual who has fewer varieties of interactions has greater freedom from the norms imposed by interaction. Consequently, this form of disengagement becomes a circular or self-perpetuating process.
•  The individual's life is punctuated by ego changes. For example, aging, a form of ego change, causes knowledge and skill to deteriorate. However, success in an industrialized society demands certain knowledge and skill. To satisfy these demands, age-grading ensures that the young possess sufficient knowledge and skill to assume authority and the old retire before they lose their skills. This kind of disengagement is effected by the individual, prompted by either ego changes or the organisation—which is bound to organisational imperatives—or both.

In terms of disengagement effecting the celebrity I am writing about which is lupita Nyong’o it wouldn’t affect her yet because she has no yet reached the age of aging just yet and so this shall apply to her in her later life after she has retired from her career as an actor and can no longer act. Although her hobbies will begin to play a major part in her life these are: visiting museums: in able to keep herself educated about history and the way of the world and so old age shouldn’t stop her doing so., traveling she will be retired by a certain person and when she is she’ll have more time on her hands to sightsee and visit new places and discover new cultures ad their way of life, reading good books and enjoying some good cooked food.

Evaluate the influences of two major theories of aging in health and social care provision (D2)

Again this would not apply to the celebrity that I am doing because she hasn’t yet reached that stage of her life. But eventually when she requires that care in her elderly years lupita will definitely require lots of care  and encouragement  with activities/ interests that she enjoys i.e.: her love to travel, read good books etc. also in terms of her care during her aging years lupita will probably be able to afford to have good care because of the profession she is currently in which is acting and so because she is earning a massive amount she may choose to have private care In her own residence which will consists of several carers all to carry out different roles to help her with that she will no longer be able to do by herself anymore.

She may have to withdraw because she will not have not have the mental and physical strength to do things anymore like she could in her younger life. If lupita is an actress then her body will become physically exhausted from all the roles she has played in young years when she had the strength. As for a health and social care setting she would most probably be withdrawn from completing some of her favourite activities because of the main reason that I just stated above which her lack of strength was. Although on the other hand she might not have to withdraw from her hobbies/ activities if she gets a dedicated and encouraging carer who will help her to continue perusing the activities she enjoys to do despite her aging. Ie: taking her to eat in her favourite with a carer assisting and helping her out, travelling can still occur if she still has strength to flight or even short distance locations can be good even for a great change of scenery would mean a whole to an elderly person than not travelling anywhere.

P5 & M3 Changes associated with aging

Explain the physical and psychological changes which can be associated with Aging P5

Physical changes
Effects of smoking	Smoking for long periods causes people to get wrinkles, have yellow teeth, gum disease, vocal cords can become dry and damaged and also cause a smokers cough.
Degenerative disease	Is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits. Degenerative diseases are often contrasted with infectious diseases.
Muscle wasting	This is when you don’t do any physical activity isn’t being done by the individual and so the muscle can detoriate in size.
Degeneration of the sense organs	Age related macular degeneration  (AMD) Painless condition that causes elderly people to lose central vision and usually in both eyes.
Osteoarthritis	Is a type of joint disease which results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. Symptoms can include joints swelling and decreased range of motion.

Psychological changes
Lose of a partner	Grief can be very tough an individual as it can cause them to deteriorate health wise due to the feelings neglect, loneliness, heartbreak, worthlessness, this will cause their immune system to become weaker and illnesses such as pneumonia will kick in putting elderly residents at risk life wise.
More leisure time	Elderly have more time to relax and do things they enjoy but not all chose to retire at the age of 65 some continue to work as they still fee that they can do so. Meanwhile other retirees enjoy socialising, volunteering, reading, watching tv, sleeping, or making house improvements.
Retirement	Is the point where elderly people are no longer required to work anymore and so they can have something called pension which is ether given to them by the government which is usually a public pension or a private one that they save into during the young years of employment and can now use as they have retired.
Financial changes	Lifetime cap on care is set to 72,000 meaning they are eligible for care needs once they have mount of 72,000.

Discuss the effects of self- confidence and self-esteem of the physical changes associated with aging (M3)

Wrinkles: As we grow and get older we begin to get wrinkles on our faces due to our skin losing its elasticity and from lots exposure to sun during the past years. Our skins ability to protect itself from getting damaged eventually becomes reduced as we age. In terms of self- confidence it will reduce that certain individual from being more social with other due to they’re consistent fear of being stared at which also is not good for the mental health because it can increase anxiety, high blood pressure.

We also gain some type of intolerance and a major one is stress the most common for stress intolerance is urinary intolerance. This usually happened to women who are currently in the menopause or those who have just given birth. Some certain behaviours and actions can trigger the intolerance i.e.: sneezing, laughing, heavy lifting and exercise.

We also gain some type of intolerance and a major one is stress the most common for stress intolerance is urinary intolerance. This usually happened to women who are currently in the menopause or those who have just given birth. Some certain behaviours and actions can trigger the intolerance i.e.: sneezing, laughing, heavy lifting and exercise. 

Deafness

Hearing loss is a common that occurs in most elderly people

Hearing loss can occur suddenly, but usually develops gradually. General signs of hearing loss can include:

• difficulty hearing other people clearly and misunderstanding what they say
• asking people to repeat themselves
• listening to music or watching television with the volume turned up high

In terms of effect with self- confidence hearing loss is a loss of social wellbeing and emotional well- being. As a result this can cause a number of different reactions such as emotional reactions: embarrassment, loneliness, dependence, frustration, and anxiety (etc.)

Behavioural reactions: withdrawing, bluffing, blaming and demanding

Cognitive reaction: confusion, difficulty focusing, distracting thoughts, decreased self- esteem and communication disorders.

M1: Discuss the Nature Nurture debate in relation to an individual

M1: Discuss the Nature Nurture debate in relation to an individual

What is the nature nurture debate: it is one of the oldest debates in psychology history that was used to determine whether the way we end is determined by biological and genetic characteristics which is the nature aspect of the debate or if we are influenced by our environmental surroundings and influences.

For nature a number of factors or characteristic can determine an individual make up ie: height, weight, hair loss,vulnerability to specific illnesses i.e.: breast cancer in women.

For nurture previous experiences which have had an effect on an individual which can usually be a negative or positive experience i.e.: going to prison, getting married, graduating university (etc)

Lupita Nyong’o experienced racism growing up during her time living in Mexico an adolescent. She says: "People would stop and take pictures of us just because we were black,” not only was she in a foreign country but they’re were hardly any black people living in Mexico at the time so it made her feel out of place and uncomfortable. She says most of the time she felt so alone. She describes her coming to terms on loving herself a very painful and devastating experience not only are the media to blame but they don’t exactly make it easy for young girls or aspiring like Lupita herself to be able to love themselves and have that self-confidence in their bodies and feel proud to be however they are..

But it was Lupita’s winning speech that won everybody over. It was how she used her experience on racism to educate young black girls on black beauty  by encouraging them to keep walking with their head held high and be proud of who they are no matter what.

She says: “I thought mattered I was still unbeautiful. And my mother again would say to me you can’t eat beauty, it doesn’t feed you and these words plagued and bothered me; I didn’t really understand them until finally I realized that beauty was not a thing that I could acquire or consume, it was something that I just had to be. And what my mother meant when she said you can’t eat beauty was that you can’t rely on how you look to sustain you.”

The influences of two predictable and unpredictable major life events on the development of an individual (P3)

The influences of two predictable and unpredictable major life events on the development of an individual (P3)

Lupita Nyong’ o life in political exile:  Lupita’s family were forced to leave leave Kenya during the Mau Mau due to being an opponent of formal president of the time president Daniel Arap Moi. They moved to Mexico where they later conceived Lupita in March 1983. They eventually retuned back to their homeland of Kenya but only to endure more brutal treatment especially for her father peter Anyang Nyong’ o who was trying to set up a political party underground to get some support to fight back against for opposing him but, the more Lupita’s dad opposed the more his family got at higher risk and as a result his brother Charles Nyong’ o suffered pure brutality as he was thrown over a ship and his body was never recovered.

 

 Peter’s brother had also been missing for several months before this death.  Lupita’s father says: “We were put into prison and the torture chambers by the regime, but it was like a dinner party when you compare it to what the slaves went through,” Lupita’s family were moved from several safe houses due to her father being a major target because of his involvement as a formal politician and also form the opposing party. As for lupita’s uncle they believe the reason behind his attack was because he too opposed Moi’s ruling of Kenya. At one point lupita’s father would be arrested and kept for several weeks and family would be sent several threatening phone calls.

Changing jobs: Lupita’s rise to her acting career

Lupita started from being a tea/coffee runner on the set of Fernando’s Murielle’s the constant gardener to receiving tips and inspiration from people like Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey who acted together in the movie “the colour purple”. She also appeared in the well-known Kenyan television series “Shuga” an MTV Base drama raising awareness on HIV/AIDS. She later she went on to produce, write and star in her own documentary called “In my genes” where she talks about the Kenyan population of albino’s and the prejudices they face being an albino. But before all of that she was just a graduate from Hampshire College studying theatre and film studies. Then came her biggest breakthrough which was her major acting role in Steve McQueen’s: 12 years a slave with her starring as patsy. 

life factors on the development of an individual   p2

 Genetic  factors:

every cell in the human body had a nucleus with 23 pairs of chromosomes. one from the mother and the other from the father. the chromosomes carry units of inheritance known as genes. these genes you get from your parents are different forms of the same gene which is known as alleles. this a good example when talking about the inheritance of a medical illness/condition because the following will determine if and how the sufferer got the condition 

1. what genes did the inherited.
2.whether the gene was dominant or recessive.
3. environmental: was any preventive treatment given leading up to diagnosis.

A perfect example of genetic disease would be:
 Brittle bone disease (Lobstein syndrome or osteogenesis imprefecta). the condition has 8 different types as the symptoms for this disease vary from each individual sufferer. most causes of the brittle bone disease is from a autosominal pattern of inheritance in the family. this then  means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. Many people with type I or type IV osteogenesis imperfecta will inherit a mutation from a parent who has the disorder. 



Biological influence before birth 

 Alcohol syndrome: this is a group of conditions caused by the consumption of alcohol by the mother carrying the developing fetus during her 9 month period of pregnancy.
symptoms develop in develop in the developing fetus these are: skin folding at the corner of the eye, low nasal bridge, short nose, thin upper lip, small mid face and small head circumference.
In terms of FASD, growth deficiency is defined as significantly below average height,  or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure, and can be assessed at any point in the lifespan. Growth measurements must be adjusted for parental height, gestational age (for a premature infant), and other postnatal  insults (e.g., poor nutrition), although birth height and weight are the preferred measurement.





Environmental influences 

Bullying

This is the use of abuse to intimidate, abuse and threaten a particular person or even group. the behavior is usually repeated a number of times for a long period of time making the victim of the bullying feel powerless. bullying can be verbal or physical. their is also rationalization which is just a much more intense and more serious. which is when people are bullied according to their race, sexual orenation, gender and religious beliefs.



the celebrity that i am doing is lupita Nyong'o and she experienced bullying during her teen years because of her skin color. she says 

My one prayer to God was that I would wake up lighter skinned. The morning would come and I would be so excited about seeing my new skin that I would refuse to look down at myself until I was in front of the mirror because I wanted to see my face first. Every day I would feel the disappointment of being just as dark as the day before." 


Although things changed when she learned of Sudanese supermodel Alec wek and her dark beautiful skin she describes the model also her mentor's skin being dark as night. once she saw how alec was recongnised and complimented she then regained her confidence and learned to love herself and so enough over came the one obstacle that had been her biggest challenge which was her complexion.  

      

Socio-economical  status 

Education: "is process of facilitating learning knowledge,skills, values, beliefs and habits of a group of people are transferred to other people, through storytelling, discussion, teaching, training or research." 
in  Lupita's case she was very fortunate to receive a good education from primary right up to university she was educated in 3 different location one being mexico which was the place her family moved during their time of exile from Kenya. she later returned to mexico at the age of 16 to attend a school in mexico to learn Spanish and as for her younger school life she attended st Mary's school in Nairobi and Rusinga international school where she finished and received BA in 2001